Type of Treatments

Incubation time (h)

Acetic acid mmol/L

Propionic acid mmol/L

Butyric acid mmol/L

Isovaleric acid mmol/L

Caproic acid mmol/L

Total SCFA mmol/L

Untreated

12

19.89

107.8

5.42

1.61

7.2

141.92

24

19..91

109.35

5.87

1.64

7.42

144.19

Micronization

12

17.41

98.67

4.56

3.92

6.88

131.44

24

19.19

105.72

7.6

5.47

8.36

146.34

Ultrasonic

12

21.01

103.96

5.56

2.75

3.93

137.21

24

22.38

130.7

9.33

2.36

4.5

169.27

Microwave

12

7.4

53.6

1.64

ND

2.35

64.99

24

21.55

123.62

10.75

ND

7.15

163.07

Extrusion

12

1.47

121.8

5.87

ND

ND

129.14

24

25.45

135.76

7.19

ND

3.64

172.04